We propose EM-PASTE: an Expectation Maximization(EM) guided Cut-Paste compositional dataset augmentation approach for weakly-supervised instance segmentation using only image-level supervision. The proposed method consists of three main components. The first component generates high-quality foreground object masks. To this end, an EM-like approach is proposed that iteratively refines an initial set of object mask proposals generated by a generic region proposal method. Next, in the second component, high-quality context-aware background images are generated using a text-to-image compositional synthesis method like DALL-E. Finally, the third component creates a large-scale pseudo-labeled instance segmentation training dataset by compositing the foreground object masks onto the original and generated background images. The proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art weakly-supervised instance segmentation results on both the PASCAL VOC 2012 and MS COCO datasets by using only image-level, weak label information. In particular, it outperforms the best baseline by +7.4 and +2.8 mAP0.50 on PASCAL and COCO, respectively. Further, the method provides a new solution to the long-tail weakly-supervised instance segmentation problem (when many classes may only have few training samples), by selectively augmenting under-represented classes.

Multi-modal image-text models such as CLIP and LiT have demonstrated impressive performance on image classification benchmarks and their zero-shot generalization ability is particularly exciting. While the top-5 zero-shot accuracies of these models are very high, the top-1 accuracies are much lower (over 25% gap in some cases). We investigate the reasons for this performance gap and find that many of the failure cases are caused by ambiguity in the text prompts. First, we develop a simple and efficient zero-shot post-hoc method to identify images whose top-1 prediction is likely to be incorrect, by measuring consistency of the predictions w.r.t. multiple prompts and image transformations. We show that our procedure better predicts mistakes, outperforming the popular max logit baseline on selective prediction tasks. Next, we propose a simple and efficient way to improve accuracy on such uncertain images by making use of the WordNet hierarchy; specifically we augment the original class by incorporating its parent and children from the semantic label hierarchy, and plug the augmentation into text promts. We conduct experiments on both CLIP and LiT models with five different ImageNet-based datasets. For CLIP, our method improves the top-1 accuracy by 17.13% on the uncertain subset and 3.6% on the entire ImageNet validation set. We also show that our method improves across ImageNet shifted datasets and other model architectures such as LiT. Our proposed method is hyperparameter-free, requires no additional model training and can be easily scaled to other large multi-modal architectures.

培训计算机视觉模型通常需要在各种场景配置和属性集中收集和标记大量图像。这个过程非常耗时，并且要确保捕获的数据分布映射到应用程序方案的目标域，这是一项挑战。最近，综合数据已成为解决这两个问题的一种方式。但是，现有方法要么要求人类专家手动调整每个场景属性，要么使用几乎无法控制的自动方法；这需要渲染大量的随机数据变化，这很慢，对于目标域通常是次优的。我们介绍了第一个完全可区分的合成数据管道，该数据管道使用具有目标应用程序损耗函数的闭环中的神经辐射场（NERF）。我们的方法可以在没有人工的情况下生成数据，以最大程度地提高目标任务的准确性。我们说明了我们方法对合成和现实对象检测任务的有效性。我们还引入了一个新的“ YCB野外”数据集和基准标准，该数据集和基准为对象检测提供了一种在现实世界环境中具有多种姿势的测试方案。

我们研究了人类视觉系统（HVS）〜-〜形状，纹理和颜色〜-〜对对象分类的三个重要特征的贡献。我们构建了人形视觉引擎（HVE），该引擎明确和单独计算图像中的形状，纹理和颜色特征。然后将所得的特征向量连接以支持最终分类。我们表明，HVE可以总结和排序排序对对象识别的三个功能的贡献。我们使用人类实验来确认HVE和人类主要使用一些特定特征来支持特定类别的分类（例如，纹理是将斑马与其他四足动物区分开的主要特征，包括人类和HVE）。借助HVE的帮助，给定任何环境（数据集），我们可以总结整个任务的最重要功能（特定于任务的; （特定于类；为了证明HVE的更有用，我们使用它来模拟没有属性标签的人类的开放世界零射击学习能力。最后，我们表明HVE还可以通过不同特征的组合来模拟人类的想象力。我们将开源HVE引擎和相应的数据集。

对象剪切已成为有效生成大量标记的训练数据的一种有希望的方法。它涉及将前景对象掩盖在背景图像上。背景图像与对象一致时，为培训对象识别模型提供了有用的上下文信息。尽管该方法可以轻松地生成大型标记的数据，但寻找下游任务的一致上下文图像仍然是一个难以捉摸的问题。在这项工作中，我们为自动上下文图像生成的新范式提出了一个新的范式。我们方法的核心是利用上下文和语言驱动图像生成之间的相互作用。通过在代表上下文的一小部分图像上应用图像字幕方法来提供上下文的语言描述。然后，这些语言描述用于使用基于语言的DALL-E图像生成框架来生成各种上下文图像集。然后将它们与对象合成，以提供分类器的增强培训集。我们在四个对象检测数据集上证明了方法比先前的上下文图像生成方法的优势。此外，我们还强调了数据生成方法对分布和零摄像数据生成方案的组成性质。

学习数据背后的因果结构对于改善概括和获得高质量的解释是无价的。我们提出了一个新颖的框架，不变结构学习（ISL），旨在通过利用概括作为指示来改善因果结构发现。 ISL将数据分配到不同的环境中，并通过施加一致性约束来学习一个在不同环境中不变的结构。然后，聚集机制基于图形结构选择最佳分类器，该图形结构与从单个环境中学到的结构相比，更准确地反映了数据中的因果机制。此外，我们将ISL扩展到一个自制的学习环境，在该设置中，准确的因果结构发现不依赖任何标签。这种自我监督的ISL通过迭代设置不同的节点作为目标来利用不变的因果关系。在合成和现实世界数据集上，我们证明了ISL准确地发现因果结构，优于替代方法，并且对具有显着分布变化的数据集产生了卓越的概括。

我们专注于可控的解除不应表示学习学习（C-DIS-RL），用户可以控制解剖潜在空间的分区，以将DataSet属性（概念）分解为下游任务。目前的方法仍然探讨了两个普遍的问题：（1）他们缺乏全面的解剖约束，特别是在潜在和观察域之间的不同属性之间的相互信息最小化。 （2）他们缺乏解开的潜在空间中的凸起限制，这对于有意义地操纵下游任务的特定属性是重要的。为了同时鼓励全面的C-DIS-RL和凸性，我们提出了一种简单而有效的方法：可控插值正规化（CIR），它创造了一个积极的循环，其中解剖和凸起可以互相帮助。具体而言，我们在训练期间对潜伏空间进行受控插值，并重新利用“编码器”以帮助形成“完美解剖”正规化。在这种情况下，（a）解剖损失隐含地扩大了促使凸起的潜在的“可理解”分配; （b）凸起又可以改善强大和精确的解剖学。 CIR是一般模块，我们将CIR与三种不同的算法合并：优雅，I2I-DIS和GZS-Net，以展示兼容性和有效性。定性和定量实验表明C-DIS-RL和CIR潜在凸起的改善。这进一步改善了下游任务：可控图像合成，跨型图像转换和零射合成。更多实验展示CIR还可以改善其他下游任务，例如新的属性值挖掘，数据增强和消除公平的偏差。

As natural language processing (NLP) for gender bias becomes a significant interdisciplinary topic, the prevalent data-driven techniques such as large-scale language models suffer from data inadequacy and biased corpus, especially for languages with insufficient resources such as Chinese. To this end, we propose a Chinese cOrpus foR Gender bIas Probing and Mitigation CORGI-PM, which contains 32.9k sentences with high-quality labels derived by following an annotation scheme specifically developed for gender bias in the Chinese context. Moreover, we address three challenges for automatic textual gender bias mitigation, which requires the models to detect, classify, and mitigate textual gender bias. We also conduct experiments with state-of-the-art language models to provide baselines. To our best knowledge, CORGI-PM is the first sentence-level Chinese corpus for gender bias probing and mitigation.

We present Second Thought, a new learning paradigm that enables language models (LMs) to re-align with human values. By modeling the chain-of-edits between value-unaligned and value-aligned text, with LM fine-tuning and additional refinement through reinforcement learning, Second Thought not only achieves superior performance in three value alignment benchmark datasets but also shows strong human-value transfer learning ability in few-shot scenarios. The generated editing steps also offer better interpretability and ease for interactive error correction. Extensive human evaluations further confirm its effectiveness.

We propose a novel teacher-student model for semi-supervised multi-organ segmentation. In teacher-student model, data augmentation is usually adopted on unlabeled data to regularize the consistent training between teacher and student. We start from a key perspective that fixed relative locations and variable sizes of different organs can provide distribution information where a multi-organ CT scan is drawn. Thus, we treat the prior anatomy as a strong tool to guide the data augmentation and reduce the mismatch between labeled and unlabeled images for semi-supervised learning. More specifically, we propose a data augmentation strategy based on partition-and-recovery N$^3$ cubes cross- and within- labeled and unlabeled images. Our strategy encourages unlabeled images to learn organ semantics in relative locations from the labeled images (cross-branch) and enhances the learning ability for small organs (within-branch). For within-branch, we further propose to refine the quality of pseudo labels by blending the learned representations from small cubes to incorporate local attributes. Our method is termed as MagicNet, since it treats the CT volume as a magic-cube and $N^3$-cube partition-and-recovery process matches with the rule of playing a magic-cube. Extensive experiments on two public CT multi-organ datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of MagicNet, and noticeably outperforms state-of-the-art semi-supervised medical image segmentation approaches, with +7% DSC improvement on MACT dataset with 10% labeled images.